Problem building PDF in LaTeX using Linux

When compiling the code, it did not give me any error on the line indicated in the comment (63). Anyway, to avoid any error with that double horizontal line, it is preferable to just leave one \hline. I also made a couple of changes to your code to center the titles and put them in negrita, plus a few formatting and other minor fixes that I'll explain below.

\documentclass[12pt, a4paper]{article}

\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\colorlet{LIME GREEN}{green}

\renewcommand{\figurename}{Figura}

\title{\textbf{\textcolor{green}{Tipo de vulnerabilidad \\
\large SPF BAD CONFIGURATION }}}
\author{}
\date{}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\noindent El protocolo SPF (Sender Policy Framework) es un protocolo empleado para...
\lipsum[1]

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{funcionamientoSPF}
\centering
\caption{Funcionamiento de SPF}
\end{figure}
\lipsum[2]

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|p{10cm}|}
\hline
\textbf{Opción}  & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\textbf{Descripción}}                                                                                                                                                               \\ \hline\hline
\verb|+all|      & Indica que se autoriza el envío de correo desde servidores no declarados en el registro                                                                                                                 \\ \hline
\verb|~all|      & Indica que se autoriza el envío de correo desde servidores no declarados en el registro SPF, recomendando los declarados en el mismo. Es probable que entre como spam si el rango no está bien definido \\ \hline
\verb|-all|      & Indica que no se autoriza explícitamente el envío de correo desde servidores no declarados en el registro SPF                                                                                           \\ \hline
\verb|?all|      & "No se puede decir nada de la validación", el correo es aceptado                                                                                                                                        \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\bigskip
Un registro SPF cuidadosamente diseñado reducirá la probabilidad de que el nombre de domicilio se falsifique y evite que los mensajes se marquen como spam antes de que lleguen a sus destinatarios.

\end{document}

Changes made:

1. For practical purposes, I removed packages that were superfluous for the purpose of the answer in order to minimize the code and simplify.
2. I added \usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}, which is the package for accents and characters like ñin Spanish, which does not require the babel. As you can see in the code, all the words are accented without any problem, in addition to their separation according to the rules of the Spanish language.
3. I also added \author{}and \date{}, since it caused an error with the date on the one hand, and on the other, I did not see the need to indicate the name of the author. It will be at your discretion.
4. The instruction \renewcommand{\figurename}{Figura}in the preamble is to change the title of the figures in the environment figure, since it defaults to English.
5. Regarding the table, I introduced it in the environment table, which is a floating figure that can be moved between the text of the page. The parameter [htbp]is always recommended.
6. As you can see the table uses \multicolumn{}{}{}which in this case works to center just that title cell.
7. I centered the first column and put the "all" commands between \verb| |to leave it in mode verbatim, very usual typographically when it comes to writing "raw" commands.
8. The correct use of quotes is `` texto''instead of enclosing it in the typical "texto".
9. I also made other minor corrections to some words that had errors.

On the other hand, there are other observations that I allow myself to make regarding the presentation of the tables (according to typographical conventions), among others. And I must clarify that this is already an optional matter: as a widespread recommendation in the world of typography, the use of vertical lines in tables is usually avoided at all costs. Whether for stylistic or format reasons, it is recommended to do without them. This use is what has now been adopted by convention in the texts that contain these elements, and it cannot be denied that this simplicity gives the text a very aesthetic character. Here I attach the code of your table with these changes.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{cp{10cm}}
\toprule
\textbf{Opción}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Descripción}}                                                                                                                                                                \\ \midrule
\verb|+all|      & Indica que se autoriza el envío de correo desde servidores no declarados en el registro                                                                                                                 \\[1ex]
\verb|~all|      & Indica que se autoriza el envío de correo desde servidores no declarados en el registro SPF, recomendando los declarados en el mismo. Es probable que entre como spam si el rango no está bien definido \\[1ex]
\verb|-all|      & Indica que no se autoriza explícitamente el envío de correo desde servidores no declarados en el registro SPF                                                                                           \\[1ex]
\verb|?all|      & ``No se puede decir nada de la validación'', el correo es aceptado                                                                                                                                        \\[1ex] \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

PS : It is NOT recommended to put color in the titles.