string array

Well, I tell you that after messing around the network and making a finite number of changes to my code I have solved it, although I am missing a part (it is not very important for the exercise) I have already been able to store and read an array of strings

The changes I made were the following:

Declare the array as an array

char **empleados = NULL;

The memory reservation in the same way

 empleados = (char**)malloc(numeroEmpleados*sizeof(char*));

And when reading the input names, I reserve memory for the position where the entered name is going to be saved

empleados[i] = (char*)malloc(10);
scanf("%s", empleados[i]);

This is where I have the pending, how to make the reserved size not be fixed (10)but that it is dimensioned according to the number of characters entered by the user.

The complete code is below:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>

char **empleados = NULL;
int numeroEmpleados = 0;

void inicializarEstructuras();
void llenadoDeDatos();
void imprimirDatos();

int main(){
  inicializarEstructuras();
  llenadoDeDatos();
  imprimirDatos();
  return 0;
}

void inicializarEstructuras(){
  printf("Ingrese la cantidad de empleados: ");
  scanf("%d", &numeroEmpleados);

  //Reserva de memoria para los vectores y matrices
  empleados = (char**)malloc(numeroEmpleados*sizeof(char*));    
}

void llenadoDeDatos(){
  //Se solicitan los nombres de los empleados
  for(int i = 0; i < numeroEmpleados; i++){
    printf("Ingrese el nombre para el empleado [ %d ]: ", i + 1);
    empleados[i] = (char*)malloc(10);
    scanf("%s", empleados[i]);
  }
}

void imprimirDatos(){
  for(int empleado = 0; empleado < numeroEmpleados; empleado++){
    printf("empleado %s", empleados[empleado]);
    printf("\n");
  }
}

You can use strlenand strcpyin the following way:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <string.h>

int numeroEmpleados = 0;
char **empleados = NULL;

void inicializarEstructuras();
void llenadoDeDatos();

int main()
{
   inicializarEstructuras();
   llenadoDeDatos();
   imprimirDatos();
   return 0;
}

void inicializarEstructuras()
{
     printf("Ingrese la cantidad de empleados: ");
     scanf("%d", &numeroEmpleados);
    //Reserva de memoria para los vectores y matrices
     empleados = (char*)malloc(numeroEmpleados*sizeof(char));
}

void llenadoDeDatos()
{
    char nombre_empleado_temp[30] = {0};

    //Se solicitan los nombres de los empleados
    for(int i = 0; i < numeroEmpleados; i++)
    {
        printf("Ingrese el nombre para el empleado [ %d ]: ", i + 1);
        scanf("%s", &nombre_empleado_temp);
        empleados[i] = (char*)malloc(strlen(nombre_empleado_temp)*sizeof(char) + 1);
        strcpy(empleados[i], nombre_empleado_temp);
    }
}

void imprimirDatos()
{
    for(int i = 0; i < numeroEmpleados; i++)
    {
        printf("empleado %s", (char*)(empleados[i]));
        printf("\n");
    }
}

In this particular implementation you will still be limited by the 30 characters that are nombre_empleado_temphowever this array will exist temporarily as it is an automatic variable defined in the functionllenadoDeDatos()

Answering the doubt of your own answer :

This is where I still have the pending, how to make the reserved size not be fixed (10) but rather that it be dimensioned according to the number of characters entered by the user.

You can choose, as @MarcoRamírez has told you , to use a buffer of sufficient size to cover your needs:

char buffer[200]; // o 1000 o ... lo que necesites, que sea lo suficientemente grande
scanf("%s", &buffer);
empleados[i] = malloc(strlen(nombre_empleado_temp)*sizeof(char) + 1);
strcpy(empleados[i],buffer);

If that doesn't satisfy your craving for precision because you think it might still fall short, you can choose to read the sequence in chunks and allocate memory accordingly:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

char* ReadLine()
{
  char* buffer = 0;
  int reserved_length = 0;
  int length = 0;

  do
  {
    char c = getchar();
    if( c == '\n' ) break;

    if( reserved_length == length )
    {
      reserved_length += 5; // por poner una cantidad...
      buffer = (char*)realloc(buffer,reserved_length);
    }

    buffer[length] = c;
    length++;
  } while( !feof(stdin) );

  buffer = (char*)realloc(buffer,length);
  buffer[length] = 0;

  return buffer;
}

int main()
{
  char* buffer = ReadLine();
  printf("%s\n",buffer);
  free(buffer);
}

The last reserve is made to exactly adjust the size of the reserve so as not to waste any bytes... since we get picky we go all the way.